Rabosky D.L. Shi J.J. Shi J.J., & Rabosky D.L. 2015-05-16 Evolution phylogenetic imbalance Macroevolution diversification rate Chiroptera BAMM Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats. Shi J.J., & Rabosky D.L. 2015. Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats. Evolution, . pythonVersion 2.7.9 pythonImplementation CPython All life false ^dc:contributor ^dc:creator ^dc:date ^dc:publisher ^dc:subject ^dc:title ^dcterms:bibliographicCitation ^ot:comment ^prism:creationDate ^prism:doi ^prism:modificationDate ^prism:publicationDate ^prism:publicationName ^prism:section ^skos:changeNote ^skos:historyNote ^tb:identifier.study ^tb:title.study @label ^skos:historyNote ^skos:prefLabel ^skos:prefLabel ^skos:prefLabel ^skos:prefLabel ^skos:prefLabel ^skos:prefLabel @label ^skos:historyNote ^ot:nodeLabelMode ^ot:nodeLabelTimeUnit ^tb:kind.tree ^tb:ntax.tree ^tb:quality.tree ^tb:type.tree Tr87680 isaacovercast Karen Cranston Joseph W. Brown 574724 Chiroptera false ot_254 Shi, Jeff J., Daniel L. Rabosky. 2015. Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats. Evolution 69 (6): 1528-1545 2015 2015-05-07 10.1111/evo.12681 2015-05-16 2015 Evolution Study Generated on Wed May 20 13:36:43 EDT 2015 Mapped from TreeBASE schema using org.cipres.treebase.domain.nexus.nexml.NexmlDocumentWriter@1297bf52 $Rev: 1060 $ 17613 Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats Mapped from TreeBASE schema using org.cipres.treebase.domain.nexus.nexml.NexmlOTUWriter@76b3eaf2 $Rev: 1040 $ Carollia perspicillata 1039980 Carollia perspicillata Platyrrhinus aurarius 132184 Platyrrhinus aurarius Natalus jamaicensis 120212 Natalus jamaicensis Pteropus voeltzkowi 1034137 Pteropus voeltzkowi Pipistrellus kuhlii 867394 Pipistrellus kuhlii Pipistrellus kuhli Chaerephon leucogaster 943303 Chaerephon leucogaster Monophyllus plethodon 227309 Monophyllus plethodon Aethalops alecto 37731 Aethalops alecto Rhinopoma muscatellum 971915 Rhinopoma muscatellum Rhinolophus simulator 37373 Rhinolophus simulator Eumops wilsoni 839610 Eumops wilsoni Kerivoula picta 1022368 Kerivoula picta Pteropus rayneri 156179 Pteropus rayneri Eptesicus bottae 1055363 Eptesicus bottae Sturnira perla 270258 Sturnira perla Vampyressa brocki 655347 Vampyressa brocki Rhinolophus chaseni 180050 Rhinolophus chaseni Myotis macrodactylus 434679 Myotis macrodactylus Pteropus giganteus 588290 Pteropus giganteus Harpiola isodon 349635 Harpiola isodon Dobsonia praedatrix 48403 Dobsonia praedatrix Coelops robinsoni 426035 Coelops robinsoni Myotis frater 434671 Myotis frater Sturnira nana 352930 Sturnira nana Histiotus macrotus 10323 Histiotus macrotus Miniopterus minor 306579 Miniopterus minor Myotis volans 878680 Myotis volans Rhinolophus acuminatus 1094798 Rhinolophus acuminatus Eptesicus vulturnus 687559 Eptesicus vulturnus Craseonycteris thonglongyai 432482 Craseonycteris thonglongyai Corynorhinus townsendii 842471 Corynorhinus townsendii Miniopterus propitristis 306581 Miniopterus propitristis Vampyrodes caraccioli 269230 Vampyrodes caraccioli Murina tiensa 772163 Murina tiensa Miniopterus tristis 306583 Miniopterus tristis Lonchophylla robusta 248894 Lonchophylla robusta Otonycteris leucophaea 544122 Otonycteris leucophaea Tadarida teniotis 190910 Tadarida teniotis Rhinopoma microphyllum 971918 Rhinopoma microphyllum Murina jaintiana 325191 Murina jaintiana Nycteris macrotis 1073070 Nycteris macrotis Eptesicus regulus 383887 Eptesicus regulus Syconycteris australis 164533 Syconycteris australis Myotis tricolor 450621 Myotis tricolor Myotis dominicensis 1022617 Myotis dominicensis Carollia manu 3613603 Carollia manu Hipposideros galeritus 672834 Hipposideros galeritus Rhinolophus megaphyllus 1052598 Rhinolophus megaphyllus Vespertilio sinensis 389101 Vespertilio sinensis Harpiocephalus harpia 842480 Harpiocephalus harpia Chiroderma improvisum 565590 Chiroderma improvisum Eonycteris major 505801 Eonycteris major Coleura seychellensis 73572 Coleura seychellensis Rhinolophus rouxii 1047994 Rhinolophus rouxii Cormura brevirostris 75171 Cormura brevirostris Myotis nattereri 1008252 Myotis nattereri Mops bakarii 873208 Mops bakarii Tadarida insignis 1011475 Tadarida insignis Pteronotus quadridens 554242 Pteronotus quadridens Miniopterus fuliginosus 1011476 Miniopterus fuliginosus Sturnira erythromos 136691 Sturnira erythromos Chaerephon plicatus 682737 Chaerephon plicatus Lonchophylla thomasi 546392 Hsunycteris thomasi Latidens salimalii 417528 Latidens salimalii Myotis fortidens 363081 Myotis fortidens Pteronotus parnellii 867405 Pteronotus parnellii Monophyllus redmani 658352 Monophyllus redmani Thyroptera lavali 263938 Thyroptera lavali Chalinolobus nigrogriseus 1066074 Chalinolobus nigrogriseus Rhogeessa tumida 76917 Rhogeessa tumida Macroderma gigas 289141 Macroderma gigas Plecotus kolombatovici 580539 Plecotus kolombatovici Saccopteryx gymnura 232377 Saccopteryx gymnura Hipposideros cervinus 99589 Hipposideros cervinus Rhinolophus denti 759458 Rhinolophus denti Lasiurus ega 635119 Lasiurus ega Megaerops niphanae 558420 Megaerops niphanae Pteropus anetianus 673800 Pteropus anetianus Chiroderma salvini 351785 Chiroderma salvini Chiroderma doriae 565588 Chiroderma doriae Phyllostomus discolor 459982 Phyllostomus discolor Rhinolophus trifoliatus 863506 Rhinolophus trifoliatus Myotis keaysi 353894 Myotis keaysi Chironax melanocephalus 99586 Chironax melanocephalus Pteropus pumilus 251394 Pteropus pumilus Lonchorhina orinocensis 295631 Lonchorhina orinocensis Pteropus tonganus 610860 Pteropus tonganus Mormoops megalophylla 342713 Mormoops megalophylla Artibeus intermedius 805981 Artibeus intermedius Miniopterus australis 1002681 Miniopterus australis Myotis martiniquensis 939105 Myotis martiniquensis Pteropus molossinus 340694 Pteropus molossinus Glossophaga leachii 227303 Glossophaga leachii Rhinolophus shameli 155030 Rhinolophus shameli Hipposideros alongensis 859140 Hipposideros alongensis Mimon bennettii 780064 Mimon bennettii Hypsugo crassulus 136222 Hypsugo crassulus Pteronotus gymnonotus 554240 Pteronotus gymnonotus Arielulus circumdatus 1072700 Arielulus circumdatus Neoromicia somalicus 826854 Neoromicia somalicus Chalinolobus poensis 582931 Chalinolobus poensis Lasiurus blossevillii 362948 Lasiurus blossevillii Rhinolophus malayanus 156758 Rhinolophus malayanus Chaerephon ansorgei 999061 Chaerephon ansorgei Myotis mystacinus 353458 Myotis mystacinus Noctilio albiventris 604407 Noctilio albiventris Murina suilla 190903 Murina suilla Pteropus speciosus 251395 Pteropus speciosus Eumops patagonicus 839631 Eumops patagonicus Hipposideros pygmaeus 31957 Hipposideros pygmaeus Myotis chinensis 535369 Myotis chinensis Hypsugo cadornae 626354 Hypsugo cadornae Pipistrellus subflavus 977400 Pipistrellus subflavus Pteropus lylei 630309 Pteropus lylei Centurio senex 351782 Centurio senex Hesperoptenus tickelli 445742 Hesperoptenus tickelli Eudiscopus denticulus 388462 Eudiscopus denticulus Micronycteris microtis 596443 Micronycteris microtis Lonchophylla chocoana 471374 Lonchophylla chocoana Kerivoula kachinensis 1022371 Kerivoula kachinensis Pteronotus personatus 554238 Pteronotus personatus Myotis fimbriatus 885003 Myotis fimbriatus Arielulus aureocollaris 180056 Arielulus aureocollaris Hipposideros armiger 316920 Hipposideros armiger Lophostoma silvicolum 951266 Lophostoma silvicolum Lophostoma schulzi 78020 Lophostoma schulzi Myotis dasycneme 353897 Myotis dasycneme Hipposideros diadema 493731 Hipposideros diadema Rhinolophus stheno 327527 Rhinolophus stheno Chaerephon jobimena 435174 Chaerephon jobimena Rhogeessa velilla 842009 Rhogeessa velilla Eonycteris spelaea 113372 Eonycteris spelaea Platyrrhinus ismaeli 873028 Platyrrhinus ismaeli Myotis leibii 217241 Myotis leibii Molossops temminckii 633522 Molossops temminckii Plecotus balensis 17470 Plecotus balensis Eumops hansae 599542 Eumops hansae Scotophilus robustus 333803 Scotophilus robustus Hipposideros dinops 70231 Hipposideros dinops Melonycteris melanops 610865 Melonycteris melanops Myotis schaubi 878681 Myotis schaubi Artibeus phaeotis 513447 Artibeus phaeotis Nyctimene robinsoni 687483 Nyctimene robinsoni Myonycteris relicta 192015 Myonycteris relicta Scotophilus kuhlii 76937 Scotophilus kuhlii Vampyressa nymphaea 981726 Vampyressa nymphaea Molossus coibensis 485768 Molossus coibensis Nycteris javanica 787378 Nycteris javanica Dermanura rava 1016359 Dermanura rava Myotis anjouanensis 434436 Myotis anjouanensis Eptesicus serotinus 15443 Eptesicus serotinus Carollia subrufa 587100 Carollia subrufa Megaloglossus azagnyi 86855 Megaloglossus azagnyi Nycteris thebaica 342726 Nycteris thebaica Rhinolophus sinicus 1047995 Rhinolophus sinicus Mormopterus jugularis 435177 Mormopterus jugularis Eidolon helvum 610862 Eidolon helvum Myotis bechsteinii 342718 Myotis bechsteinii Hypsugo eisentrauti 635106 Hypsugo eisentrauti Platyrrhinus albericoi 873030 Platyrrhinus albericoi Hipposideros obscurus 1066860 Hipposideros obscurus Paranyctimene raptor 798258 Paranyctimene raptor Myotis montivagus 353888 Myotis montivagus Hipposideros coxi 221203 Hipposideros coxi Eptesicus fuscus 10737 Eptesicus fuscus Mystacina tuberculata 604409 Mystacina tuberculata Choeroniscus minor 596426 Choeroniscus minor Choeronycteris mexicana 658354 Choeronycteris mexicana Hipposideros speoris 73398 Hipposideros speoris Triaenops furculus 221782 Triaenops furculus Saccopteryx canescens 232381 Saccopteryx canescens Glossophaga commissarisi 801225 Glossophaga commissarisi Tadarida fulminans 609829 Tadarida fulminans Myotis levis 307134 Myotis levis Glischropus tylopus 505803 Glischropus tylopus Dobsonia pannietensis 48407 Dobsonia pannietensis Eptesicus nasutus 589478 Eptesicus nasutus Pteropus mariannus 340692 Pteropus mariannus Hipposideros abae 648861 Hipposideros abae Tonatia bidens 761780 Tonatia bidens Eonycteris robusta 89715 Eonycteris robusta Hipposideros lylei 445736 Hipposideros lylei Myotis adversus 342710 Myotis adversus Hipposideros ridleyi 221199 Hipposideros ridleyi Glauconycteris variegata 235413 Glauconycteris variegata Nyctiellus lepidus 120203 Nyctiellus lepidus Cynopterus horsfieldii 509297 Cynopterus horsfieldii Pteralopex atrata 164526 Pteralopex atrata Emballonura serii 464409 Emballonura serii Lasiurus intermedius 170073 Lasiurus intermedius Rhinolophus celebensis 656402 Rhinolophus celebensis Nyctophilus gouldi 867402 Nyctophilus gouldi Megaerops kusnotoi 375229 Megaerops kusnotoi Myotis blythii 1080286 Myotis blythii Lionycteris spurrelli 534170 Lionycteris spurrelli Phoniscus jagorii 25394 Phoniscus jagorii Hipposideros griffini 284369 Hipposideros griffini Sturnira parvidens 655351 Sturnira parvidens Lasiurus borealis 61860 Lasiurus borealis Hipposideros grandis 566106 Hipposideros grandis Murina huttoni 61865 Murina huttoni Cynomops paranus 300974 Cynomops paranus Choeroniscus godmani 503371 Choeroniscus godmani Platyrrhinus lineatus 780066 Platyrrhinus lineatus Kerivoula minuta 1025538 Kerivoula minuta Pteropus temminckii 813043 Pteropus temminckii Natalus tumidirostris 190917 Natalus tumidirostris Hipposideros doriae 486451 Hipposideros doriae Artibeus glaucus 513426 Artibeus glaucus Scotophilus marovaza 1060211 Scotophilus marovaza Stenonycteris lanosus 37738 Stenonycteris lanosus Hipposideros boeadii 270976 Hipposideros boeadii Pteropus aldabrensis 1034141 Pteropus aldabrensis Eumops maurus 633528 Eumops maurus Harpyionycteris celebensis 695394 Harpyionycteris celebensis Penthetor lucasi 1008968 Penthetor lucasi Melonycteris fardoulisi 687487 Melonycteris fardoulisi Glyphonycteris sylvestris 599548 Glyphonycteris sylvestris Cyttarops alecto 599540 Cyttarops alecto Hipposideros terasensis 316918 Hipposideros terasensis Thyroptera discifera 579473 Thyroptera discifera Nyctophilus arnhemensis 1066077 Nyctophilus arnhemensis Myotis californicus 235788 Myotis californicus Lophostoma evotis 375137 Lophostoma evotis Barbastella beijingensis 911449 Barbastella beijingensis Barbastella leucomelas 1011492 Barbastella leucomelas Triaenops persicus 1071077 Triaenops persicus Hypsignathus monstrosus 265188 Hypsignathus monstrosus Myotis myotis 966432 Myotis myotis Chaerephon pumilus 1079628 Chaerephon pumilus Myotis laniger 911474 Myotis laniger Parastrellus hesperus 1034632 Parastrellus hesperus Chilonatalus tumidifrons 120235 Chilonatalus tumidifrons Myotis petax 95269 Myotis petax Myotis hajastanicus 888165 Myotis hajastanicus Hipposideros caffer 787376 Hipposideros caffer Dobsonia minor 48408 Dobsonia minor Miniopterus gleni 350062 Miniopterus gleni Kerivoula papillosa 493736 Kerivoula papillosa Nyctalus leisleri 342721 Nyctalus leisleri Nyctalus azoreum 286039 Nyctalus azoreum Hypsugo ariel 743480 Hypsugo ariel Cynopterus brachyotis 113380 Cynopterus brachyotis Rhinolophus yunnanensis 880237 Rhinolophus yunnanensis Hipposideros gigas 690299 Hipposideros gigas Diphylla ecaudata 1060475 Diphylla ecaudata Myotis keenii 586294 Myotis keenii Eumops auripendulus 842476 Eumops auripendulus Vespertilio murinus 190920 Vespertilio murinus Chiroderma villosum 565586 Chiroderma villosum Mops leucostigma 956751 Mops leucostigma Myonycteris torquata 192012 Myonycteris torquata Pteropus niger 673798 Pteropus niger Myotis bombinus 311767 Myotis bombinus Platyrrhinus vittatus 348440 Platyrrhinus vittatus Rhinolophus eloquens 766060 Rhinolophus eloquens Rhinolophus formosae 103773 Rhinolophus formosae Scotophilus dinganii 759739 Scotophilus dinganii Sauromys petrophilus 1015513 Sauromys petrophilus Mormopterus petrophilus Hypsugo pulveratus 1022374 Hypsugo pulveratus Rhinolophus alcyone 597927 Rhinolophus alcyone Rhinophylla alethina 941570 Rhinophylla alethina Cynomops abrasus 1014495 Cynomops abrasus Artibeus lituratus 857633 Artibeus lituratus Natalus saturatus 120205 Natalus saturatus Hipposideros bicolor 1004816 Hipposideros bicolor Miniopterus inflatus 306577 Miniopterus inflatus Hesperoptenus blanfordi 445745 Hesperoptenus blanfordi Myotis capaccinii 353431 Myotis capaccinii Pteronotus pusillus 167316 Pteronotus pusillus Nyctinomops femorosaccus 171156 Nyctinomops femorosaccus Eptesicus sagittula 739212 Eptesicus sagittula Melonycteris woodfordi 201391 Melonycteris woodfordi Hipposideros halophyllus 445749 Hipposideros halophyllus Rhinolophus blythi 914898 Rhinolophus blythi Myotis escalerai 756577 Myotis escalerai Taphozous hildegardeae 451724 Taphozous hildegardeae Ectophylla alba 842061 Ectophylla alba Rhinolophus mehelyi 626350 Rhinolophus mehelyi Hipposideros beatus 828837 Hipposideros beatus Rousettus obliviosus 20425 Rousettus obliviosus Nyctimene vizcaccia 48411 Nyctimene vizcaccia Cardioderma cor 539631 Cardioderma cor Nyctalus noctula 261435 Nyctalus noctula Myotis yumanensis 878682 Myotis yumanensis Neoromicia nanus 286103 Neoromicia nanus Sturnira bogotensis 136690 Sturnira bogotensis Ia io 797470 Ia io Vampyressa melissa 393952 Vampyressa melissa Diclidurus scutatus 391954 Diclidurus scutatus Nyctinomops laticaudatus 301608 Nyctinomops laticaudatus Myotis chiloensis 175299 Myotis chiloensis Rhinonicteris aurantia 798260 Rhinonicteris aurantia Pteropus samoensis 99588 Pteropus samoensis Murina aurata 45655 Murina aurata Myotis riparius 267991 Myotis riparius Pteropus poliocephalus 813025 Pteropus poliocephalus Canis lupus 247341 Canis lupus Myotis ridleyi 363061 Myotis ridleyi Diclidurus isabellus 599538 Diclidurus isabellus Natalus major 120209 Natalus major Myotis phanluongi 4118280 Myotis phanluongi Coelops frithii 1011482 Coelops frithii Styloctenium mindorensis 89711 Styloctenium mindorensis Myotis ruber 878678 Myotis ruber Plecotus auritus 350140 Plecotus auritus Chaerephon jobensis 661824 Chaerephon jobensis Balantiopteryx plicata 75168 Balantiopteryx plicata Otomops madagascariensis 205258 Otomops madagascariensis Miniopterus majori 350060 Miniopterus majori Carollia brevicauda 758569 Carollia brevicauda Micronycteris nicefori 218136 Micronycteris nicefori Hipposideros turpis 1076845 Hipposideros turpis Plecotus strelkovi 911638 Plecotus strelkovi Rhinophylla pumilio 546394 Rhinophylla pumilio Anoura caudifer 351792 Anoura caudifer Thoopterus nigrescens 164535 Thoopterus nigrescens Mops midas 956753 Mops midas Platalina genovensium 823391 Platalina genovensium Myotis simus 1066079 Myotis simus Vampyressa pusilla 269233 Vampyressa pusilla Hypsugo savii 1080298 Hypsugo savii Rhinolophus rufus 747752 Rhinolophus rufus Kerivoula hardwickii 6790 Kerivoula hardwickii Chaerephon nigeriae 661827 Chaerephon nigeriae Lasionycteris noctivagans 401283 Lasionycteris noctivagans Carollia sowelli 958288 Carollia sowelli Molossops neglectus 856222 Molossops neglectus Rhinolophus robinsoni 505797 Rhinolophus robinsoni Anoura geoffroyi 688667 Anoura geoffroyi Pipistrellus nathusii 867399 Pipistrellus nathusii Rhinolophus hipposideros 610867 Rhinolophus hipposideros Philetor brachypterus 546477 Philetor brachypterus Casinycteris argynnis 663912 Casinycteris argynnis Murina aenea 448968 Murina aenea Tadarida brasiliensis 238412 Tadarida brasiliensis Miniopterus magnater 829941 Miniopterus magnater Uroderma bilobatum 401290 Uroderma bilobatum Triaenops auritus 1071075 Triaenops auritus Rhinolophus virgo 624281 Rhinolophus virgo Neoromicia roseveari 136173 Neoromicia roseveari Myotis ikonnikovi 620439 Myotis ikonnikovi Lonchophylla handleyi 248893 Lonchophylla handleyi Myotis altarium 379806 Myotis altarium Platyrrhinus brachycephalus 295643 Platyrrhinus brachycephalus Taphozous australis 514592 Taphozous australis Miniopterus manavi 18883 Miniopterus manavi Murina harpioloides 180044 Murina harpioloides Pteropus hypomelanus 813040 Pteropus hypomelanus Rousettus amplexicaudatus 164530 Rousettus amplexicaudatus Haplonycteris fischeri 767030 Haplonycteris fischeri Rousettus leschenaultii 813050 Rousettus leschenaultii Myotis goudoti 31985 Myotis goudoti Kerivoula lenis 183383 Kerivoula lenis Peropteryx leucoptera 755426 Peropteryx leucoptera Artibeus hartii 927292 Artibeus hartii Rhinolophus macrotis 665410 Rhinolophus macrotis Eumops bonariensis 781186 Eumops bonariensis Myotis rosseti 964601 Myotis rosseti Dermanura rosenbergi 1016360 Dermanura rosenbergi Pipistrellus maderensis 924729 Pipistrellus maderensis Desmalopex leucopterus 740197 Desmalopex leucopterus Molossops mattogrossensis 132211 Molossops mattogrossensis Glossophaga soricina 876514 Glossophaga soricina Dobsonia moluccensis 1032365 Dobsonia moluccensis Pipistrellus paterculus 703412 Pipistrellus paterculus Nyctimene cephalotes 621143 Nyctimene cephalotes Rhinolophus monoceros 71984 Rhinolophus monoceros Hypsugo alaschanicus 709480 Hypsugo alaschanicus Micronycteris brachyotis 201782 Micronycteris brachyotis Rhinolophus arcuatus 1052593 Rhinolophus arcuatus Stenoderma rufum 534169 Stenoderma rufum Sorex araneus 633213 Sorex araneus Rhogeessa io 473223 Rhogeessa io Myonycteris leptodon 374690 Myonycteris leptodon Epomophorus wahlbergi 113368 Epomophorus wahlbergi Nycticeius humeralis 977396 Nycticeius humeralis Nyctimene major 192010 Nyctimene major Pipistrellus pygmaeus 366823 Pipistrellus pygmaeus Eumops perotis 301606 Eumops perotis Nyctimene aello 798255 Nyctimene aello Myotis gomantongensis 76756 Myotis gomantongensis Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum 690455 Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Rhinolophus paradoxolophus 460792 Rhinolophus paradoxolophus Cistugo lesueuri 488515 Cistugo lesueuri Myotis latirostris 939109 Myotis latirostris Rhinolophus luctus 662128 Rhinolophus luctus Artibeus aztecus 1039987 Artibeus aztecus Coleura afra 637419 Coleura afra Platyrrhinus infuscus 348435 Platyrrhinus infuscus Balantiopteryx infusca 432529 Balantiopteryx infusca Miniopterus griveaudi 584454 Miniopterus griveaudi Miniopterus manavi Rhinophylla fischerae 546395 Rhinophylla fischerae Scotophilus nigrita 883607 Scotophilus nigrita Emballonura dianae 426050 Emballonura dianae Platyrrhinus helleri 927279 Platyrrhinus helleri Rhinolophus beddomei 994640 Rhinolophus beddomei Pipistrellus tenuis 687548 Pipistrellus tenuis Murina puta 434682 Murina puta Myotis auriculus 498123 Myotis auriculus Natalus stramineus 579474 Natalus stramineus Myotis sodalis 939110 Myotis sodalis Micronycteris matses 456416 Micronycteris matses Epomophorus gambianus 790965 Epomophorus gambianus Rhinolophus rex 217412 Rhinolophus rex Taphozous longimanus 432535 Taphozous longimanus Erophylla bombifrons 120236 Erophylla bombifrons Ametrida centurio 895014 Ametrida centurio Artibeus jamaicensis 289157 Artibeus jamaicensis Dobsonia inermis 48409 Dobsonia inermis Tylonycteris robustula 981286 Tylonycteris robustula Artibeus inopinatus 431860 Artibeus inopinatus Miniopterus newtonii 354311 Miniopterus newtonii Eumops ferox 839628 Eumops ferox Micronycteris brosseti 989361 Micronycteris brosseti Antrozous pallidus 913941 Antrozous pallidus Dermanura bogotensis 1016358 Dermanura bogotensis Miniopterus medius 598189 Miniopterus medius Eptesicus brasiliensis 176332 Eptesicus brasiliensis Mimon cozumelae 860220 Mimon cozumelae Platyrrhinus dorsalis 981722 Platyrrhinus dorsalis Promops centralis 301613 Promops centralis Otomops wroughtoni 764470 Otomops wroughtoni Antrozous dubiaquercus 127235 Antrozous dubiaquercus Mormopterus beccarii 1066068 Mormopterus beccarii Murina florium 434676 Murina florium Rhogeessa mira 687550 Rhogeessa mira Tylonycteris pachypus 113461 Tylonycteris pachypus Myotis muricola 878677 Myotis muricola Taphozous melanopogon 1011486 Taphozous melanopogon Pteropus rufus 423030 Pteropus rufus Chalinolobus argentatus 582928 Chalinolobus argentatus Hipposideros fuliginosus 690301 Hipposideros fuliginosus Eptesicus nilssoni 493714 Eptesicus nilssonii Megaderma spasma 289149 Megaderma spasma Micropteropus pusillus 558423 Micropteropus pusillus Macrophyllum macrophyllum 201785 Macrophyllum macrophyllum Boneia bidens 798253 Boneia bidens Eptesicus andersoni 589481 Eptesicus andersoni Eptesicus furinalis 842474 Eptesicus furinalis Pipistrellus coromandra 687569 Pipistrellus coromandra Thyroptera tricolor 267977 Thyroptera tricolor Myotis oxygnathus 743482 Myotis oxygnathus Hipposideros ruber 432538 Hipposideros ruber Trachops cirrhosus 792613 Trachops cirrhosus Plecotus ognevi 911639 Plecotus ognevi Rhinolophus fumigatus 263942 Rhinolophus fumigatus Murina bicolor 349625 Murina bicolor Hipposideros calcaratus 67611 Hipposideros calcaratus Sturnira magna 756132 Sturnira magna Rhinolophus hildebrandti 263944 Rhinolophus hildebrandti Myotis flavus 80282 Myotis flavus Emballonura raffrayana 514588 Emballonura raffrayana Chalinolobus beatrix 176329 Chalinolobus beatrix Pteropus alecto 813028 Pteropus alecto Triaenops rufus 1071076 Triaenops rufus Chilonatalus micropus 6795 Chilonatalus micropus Micronycteris buriri 341452 Micronycteris buriri Myotis pequinius 569191 Myotis pequinius Myotis cf. pequinius Dobsonia viridis 48402 Dobsonia viridis Molossus rufus 267993 Molossus rufus Myotis grisescens 213632 Myotis grisescens Mimon crenulatum 792611 Mimon crenulatum Kerivoula whiteheadi 183386 Kerivoula whiteheadi Pteropus vampyrus 448935 Pteropus vampyrus Artibeus amplus 900091 Artibeus amplus Dermanura incomitata 658640 Dermanura incomitata Myotis yanbarensis 434678 Myotis yanbarensis Aselliscus tricuspidatus 742153 Aselliscus tricuspidatus Noctilio leporinus 604404 Noctilio leporinus Diaemus youngi 1060472 Diaemus youngi Anoura latidens 130223 Anoura latidens Chalinolobus gouldii 119979 Chalinolobus gouldii Tonatia saurophila 1074690 Tonatia saurophila Myotis nigricans 307133 Myotis nigricans Peropteryx trinitatis 432533 Peropteryx trinitatis Rhinolophus siamensis 180047 Rhinolophus siamensis Leptonycteris yerbabuenae 626271 Leptonycteris yerbabuenae Eptesicus hottentotus 716071 Eptesicus hottentotus Myotis ricketti 31968 Myotis ricketti Rhinolophus philippinensis 1052596 Rhinolophus philippinensis Sturnira tildae 401295 Sturnira tildae Hipposideros pelingensis 1066864 Hipposideros pelingensis Falsistrellus petersi 3614193 Falsistrellus petersi Sturnira oporaphilum 1080435 Sturnira oporaphilum Pteropus neohibernicus 673797 Pteropus neohibernicus Centronycteris maximiliani 846879 Centronycteris maximiliani Lonchorhina inusitata 856227 Lonchorhina inusitata Scotophilus heathii 878673 Scotophilus heathii Pteropus rodricensis 610858 Pteropus rodricensis Pteropus livingstonii 1034139 Pteropus livingstonii Eptesicus gobiensis 400030 Eptesicus gobiensis Pteropus conspicillatus 67622 Pteropus conspicillatus Miniopterus sororculus 198429 Miniopterus sororculus Kerivoula titania 1010682 Kerivoula titania Chaerephon chapini 661833 Chaerephon chapini Otopteropus cartilagonodus 200154 Otopteropus cartilagonodus Hipposideros fulvus 732289 Hipposideros fulvus Molossus molossus 301603 Molossus molossus Myotis lucifugus 342715 Myotis lucifugus Megaerops wetmorei 146346 Megaerops wetmorei Glauconycteris argentata 235402 Glauconycteris argentata Artibeus fimbriatus 805974 Artibeus fimbriatus Rhinolophus maclaudi 156729 Rhinolophus maclaudi Taphozous mauritianus 879091 Taphozous mauritianus Laephotis botswanae 286110 Laephotis botswanae Saccopteryx leptura 75192 Saccopteryx leptura Hipposideros dyacorum 221205 Hipposideros dyacorum Alionycteris paucidentata 491371 Alionycteris paucidentata Mesophylla macconnelli 534178 Mesophylla macconnelli Phyllonycteris poeyi 1066076 Phyllonycteris poeyi Pteronotus rubiginosus 994100 Pteronotus rubiginosus Myzopoda schliemanni 660559 Myzopoda schliemanni Tadarida aegyptiaca 263936 Tadarida aegyptiaca Saccopteryx bilineata 190912 Saccopteryx bilineata Idionycteris phyllotis 401287 Idionycteris phyllotis Rhinolophus clivosus 867386 Rhinolophus clivosus Rhinolophus pearsonii 217409 Rhinolophus pearsonii Eptesicus isabellinus 957357 Eptesicus isabellinus Plecotus teneriffae 264117 Plecotus teneriffae Eptesicus chiriquinus 314000 Eptesicus chiriquinus Megaerops ecaudatus 1035548 Megaerops ecaudatus Lasiurus seminolus 635121 Lasiurus seminolus Molossus ater 1066066 Molossus ater Pteropus ornatus 673796 Pteropus ornatus Acerodon celebensis 635022 Acerodon celebensis Hipposideros ater 221208 Hipposideros ater Kerivoula pellucida 11586 Kerivoula pellucida Sturnira aratathomasi 756133 Sturnira aratathomasi Platyrrhinus recifinus 348438 Platyrrhinus recifinus Myzopoda aurita 6794 Myzopoda aurita Chiroderma trinitatum 351787 Chiroderma trinitatum Hipposideros commersoni 156174 Hipposideros commersoni Nycteris tragata 498178 Nycteris tragata Rhinolophus affinis 867408 Rhinolophus affinis Mormoops blainvillii 3614027 Mormoops blainvillei Otomops martiensseni 171153 Otomops martiensseni Sturnira mordax 756141 Sturnira mordax Rousettus madagascariensis 37736 Rousettus madagascariensis Hipposideros scutinares 1066867 Hipposideros scutinares Scotoecus hirundo 759715 Scotoecus hirundo Nyctalus velutinus 434672 Nyctalus velutinus Neoromicia capensis 781533 Neoromicia capensis Cloeotis percivali 787368 Cloeotis percivali Artibeus concolor 513416 Artibeus concolor Asellia tridens 992342 Asellia tridens Platyrrhinus masu 498257 Platyrrhinus masu Macrotus waterhousii 267994 Macrotus waterhousii Scotophilus leucogaster 127240 Scotophilus leucogaster Megaloglossus woermanni 687496 Megaloglossus woermanni Nyctophilus geoffroyi 687566 Nyctophilus geoffroyi Sturnira ludovici 136687 Sturnira ludovici Artibeus obscurus 513451 Artibeus obscurus Pteropus woodfordi 99590 Pteropus woodfordi Eumops dabbenei 779246 Eumops dabbenei Nycteris arge 648835 Nycteris arge Pteronotus davyi 759858 Pteronotus davyi Plecotus austriacus 1080291 Plecotus austriacus Ardops nichollsi 894926 Ardops nichollsi Nyctalus aviator 434673 Nyctalus aviator Laephotis namibensis 11548 Laephotis namibensis Rhinolophus marshalli 657546 Rhinolophus marshalli Phyllops falcatus 1066070 Phyllops falcatus Eumops underwoodi 446280 Eumops underwoodi Rousettus spinalatus 146354 Rousettus spinalatus Glossophaga longirostris 227307 Glossophaga longirostris Peropteryx kappleri 75160 Peropteryx kappleri Pteropus admiralitatum 164528 Pteropus admiralitatum Scotophilus borbonicus 759752 Scotophilus borbonicus Myotis velifer 238420 Myotis velifer Eumops glaucinus 548118 Eumops glaucinus Myotis sicarius 476750 Myotis sicarius Mormopterus acetabulosus 131230 Mormopterus acetabulosus Cheiromeles torquatus 539633 Cheiromeles torquatus Rhynchonycteris naso 75166 Rhynchonycteris naso Nyctalus lasiopterus 342724 Nyctalus lasiopterus Hipposideros coronatus 553022 Hipposideros coronatus Nyctimene albiventer 611443 Nyctimene albiventer Scotomanes ornatus 759645 Scotomanes ornatus Plecotus kozlovi 287111 Plecotus kozlovi Micronycteris hirsuta 218141 Micronycteris hirsuta Murina pluvialis 391988 Murina pluvialis Balionycteris maculata 37727 Balionycteris maculata Myotis hasseltii 353891 Myotis hasseltii Pipistrellus pipistrellus 867410 Pipistrellus pipistrellus Rhinolophus pumilus 678438 Rhinolophus pumilus Cynomops planirostris 130215 Cynomops planirostris Myotis welwitschii 746782 Myotis welwitschii Myotis aurascens 149594 Myotis aurascens Murina gracilis 772158 Murina gracilis Miniopterus natalensis 18887 Miniopterus natalensis Vampyressa bidens 842098 Vampyressa bidens Myotis horsfieldii 249359 Myotis horsfieldii Macroglossus sobrinus 606018 Macroglossus sobrinus Rhinolophus pusillus 678436 Rhinolophus pusillus Myotis nipalensis 840250 Myotis nipalensis Rhinolophus subrufus 747754 Rhinolophus subrufus Mops mops 598195 Mops mops Chrotopterus auritus 1060474 Chrotopterus auritus Rhogeessa aeneus 108227 Rhogeessa aeneus Rhinolophus landeri 766062 Rhinolophus landeri Pipistrellus javanicus 826863 Pipistrellus javanicus Cynopterus titthaecheilus 1072696 Cynopterus titthaecheilus Diclidurus ingens 432527 Diclidurus ingens Micronycteris giovanniae 296450 Micronycteris giovanniae Triaenops afer 448412 Triaenops afer Lasiurus egregius 297963 Lasiurus egregius Mormopterus planiceps 171158 Mormopterus planiceps Plecotus christii 826476 Plecotus christii Sturnira lilium 401293 Sturnira lilium Murina leucogaster 434674 Murina leucogaster Aselliscus stoliczkanus 791905 Aselliscus stoliczkanus Myotis watasei 80285 Myotis watasei Furipterus horrens 1060469 Furipterus horrens Micronycteris minuta 218139 Micronycteris minuta Vampyrodes major 569768 Vampyrodes major Cynopterus sphinx 813031 Cynopterus sphinx Myotis planiceps 3613639 Myotis planiceps Glossophaga morenoi 227308 Glossophaga morenoi Vampyressa thyone 393959 Vampyressa thyone Pipistrellus stenopterus 981288 Pipistrellus stenopterus Micronycteris megalotis 218140 Micronycteris megalotis Miniopterus macrocneme 18885 Miniopterus macrocneme Phylloderma stenops 792612 Phylloderma stenops Emballonura semicaudata 99583 Emballonura semicaudata Myotis pruinosus 423040 Myotis pruinosus Uroderma magnirostrum 605658 Uroderma magnirostrum Harpiocephalus mordax 1053245 Harpiocephalus mordax Lichonycteris obscura 633519 Lichonycteris obscura Carollia benkeithi 992663 Carollia benkeithi Macroglossus minimus 10730 Macroglossus minimus Chalinolobus morio 905052 Chalinolobus morio Myotis oxyotus 878679 Myotis oxyotus Rhinolophus blasii 766065 Rhinolophus blasii Rhinolophus capensis 787393 Rhinolophus capensis Hipposideros cyclops 648859 Hipposideros cyclops Plecotus sardus 379175 Plecotus sardus Pteronotus macleayii 554244 Pteronotus macleayii Sturnira bidens 756134 Sturnira bidens Myopterus daubentonii 663933 Myopterus daubentonii Rhinolophus sedulus 190915 Rhinolophus sedulus Myotis ciliolabrum 586288 Myotis ciliolabrum Brachyphylla cavernarum 456526 Brachyphylla cavernarum Myotis bocagii 307135 Myotis bocagii Nycteris hispida 539628 Nycteris hispida Ptenochirus minor 200150 Ptenochirus minor Mops condylurus 1015438 Mops condylurus Nyctinomops aurispinosus 705003 Nyctinomops aurispinosus Anoura cultrata 485774 Anoura cultrata Myotis elegans 61869 Myotis elegans Hipposideros pomona 905428 Hipposideros pomona Scotophilus tandrefana 1060232 Scotophilus tandrefana Murina cyclotis 176327 Murina cyclotis Brachyphylla nana 179313 Brachyphylla nana Nycticeinops schlieffeni 598495 Nycticeinops schlieffeni Miniopterus africanus 996932 Miniopterus africanus Emballonura monticola 1073068 Emballonura monticola Myotis longipes 860274 Myotis longipes Hipposideros lekaguli 553025 Hipposideros lekaguli Artibeus hirsutus 805978 Artibeus hirsutus Hipposideros rotalis 324664 Hipposideros rotalis Lasiurus atratus 61857 Lasiurus atratus Phyllostomus hastatus 761775 Phyllostomus hastatus Ariteus flavescens 842058 Ariteus flavescens Kerivoula intermedia 183380 Kerivoula intermedia Miniopterus fuscus 1011491 Miniopterus fuscus Murina ussuriensis 259900 Murina ussuriensis Myotis scotti 476752 Myotis scotti Phyllonycteris aphylla 546391 Phyllonycteris aphylla Laephotis wintoni 1053237 Laephotis wintoni Myotis annamiticus 964597 Myotis annamiticus Desmalopex microleucopterus 268704 Desmalopex microleucopterus Emballonura beccarii 514602 Emballonura beccarii Histiotus magellanicus 235397 Histiotus magellanicus Rhinopoma hardwickii 267981 Rhinopoma hardwickii Rhinolophus euryale 353435 Rhinolophus euryale Murina eleryi 575947 Murina eleryi Rhogeessa gracilis 267465 Rhogeessa gracilis Rhinolophus perditus 316933 Rhinolophus perditus Scotophilus nux 759736 Scotophilus nux Artibeus fraterculus 805976 Artibeus fraterculus Nycteris grandis 215195 Nycteris grandis Rhinolophus inops 656410 Rhinolophus inops Pipistrellus hesperidus 1053242 Pipistrellus hesperidus Pteropus capistratus 609464 Pteropus capistratus Sphaerias blanfordi 270517 Sphaerias blanfordi Rhinolophus euryotis 1052591 Rhinolophus euryotis Hipposideros pratti 791907 Hipposideros pratti Emballonura atrata 156176 Emballonura atrata Desmodus rotundus 238431 Desmodus rotundus Diclidurus albus 1060477 Diclidurus albus Sturnira luisi 756131 Sturnira luisi Cheiromeles parvidens 539635 Cheiromeles parvidens Lophostoma brasiliense 78017 Lophostoma brasiliense Myotis annectans 488513 Myotis annectans Myotis septentrionalis 687557 Myotis septentrionalis Neoromicia tenuipinnis 450792 Neoromicia tenuipinnis Rhinolophus borneensis 662126 Rhinolophus borneensis Lonchophylla mordax 248895 Lonchophylla mordax Myotis formosus 505486 Myotis formosus Macrotus californicus 289162 Macrotus californicus Lonchorhina aurita 218142 Lonchorhina aurita Hipposideros khaokhouayensis 67613 Hipposideros khaokhouayensis Plecotus macrobullaris 50014 Plecotus macrobullaris Eptesicus dimissus 1059877 Eptesicus dimissus Artibeus anderseni 805983 Artibeus anderseni Myotis ater 626682 Myotis ater Miniopterus petersoni 316419 Miniopterus petersoni Balantiopteryx io 432520 Balantiopteryx io Myotis macrotarsus 353886 Myotis macrotarsus Ptenochirus jagori 448931 Ptenochirus jagori Rhogeessa alleni 76933 Rhogeessa alleni Emballonura tiavato 164472 Emballonura tiavato Artibeus planirostris 1039982 Artibeus planirostris Rhinolophus ruwenzorii 37375 Rhinolophus ruwenzorii Phyllostomus elongatus 1011474 Phyllostomus elongatus Rhinolophus thomasi 657548 Rhinolophus thomasi Nyctimene certans 48412 Nyctimene certans Miniopterus griffithsi 49458 Miniopterus griffithsi Miniopterus pusillus 61867 Miniopterus pusillus Myotis atacamensis 175290 Myotis atacamensis Lophostoma carrikeri 856239 Lophostoma carrikeri Myotis evotis 235790 Myotis evotis Corynorhinus mexicanus 226087 Corynorhinus mexicanus Myotis nesopolus 898241 Myotis nesopolus Pipistrellus deserti 169165 Pipistrellus deserti Eptesicus diminutus 353890 Eptesicus diminutus Leptonycteris curasoae 111030 Leptonycteris curasoae Miniopterus fraterculus 61862 Miniopterus fraterculus Chaerephon pusillus 482055 Chaerephon pusillus Rhinolophus creaghi 215186 Rhinolophus creaghi Euderma maculatum 76925 Euderma maculatum Myotis siligorensis 687555 Myotis siligorensis Murina rozendaali 505794 Murina rozendaali Vampyrum spectrum 353066 Vampyrum spectrum Micronycteris homezi 596437 Micronycteris homezi Otonycteris hemprichii 76928 Otonycteris hemprichii Otonycteris hemprichi Pteropus seychellensis 1034143 Pteropus seychellensis Barbastella barbastellus 647747 Barbastella barbastellus Myotis punicus 1015040 Myotis punicus Myotis cf. punicus Rhinolophus swinnyi 155028 Rhinolophus swinnyi Brachyphylla pumila 179312 Brachyphylla pumila Rhinolophus cornutus 423033 Rhinolophus cornutus Pipistrellus hanaki 743478 Pipistrellus hanaki Glyphonycteris daviesi 201779 Glyphonycteris daviesi Micronycteris schmidtorum 218135 Micronycteris schmidtorum Artibeus schwartzi 62481 Artibeus schwartzi Pteropus vetulus 99587 Pteropus vetulus Dyacopterus spadiceus 606019 Dyacopterus spadiceus Phyllostomus latifolius 860216 Phyllostomus latifolius Peropteryx macrotis 75163 Peropteryx macrotis Lasiurus cinereus 369537 Lasiurus cinereus Murina ryukyuna 434680 Murina ryukyuna Barbastella darjelingensis 709474 Barbastella darjelingensis Myotis thysanodes 307132 Myotis thysanodes Platyrrhinus matapalensis 498259 Platyrrhinus matapalensis Murina peninsularis 772161 Murina peninsularis Myotis macropus 249353 Myotis macropus Artibeus toltecus 362821 Artibeus toltecus Saccolaimus saccolaimus 505799 Saccolaimus saccolaimus Rhinolophus darlingi 756659 Rhinolophus darlingi Pipistrellus abramus 570453 Pipistrellus abramus Musonycteris harrisoni 658353 Musonycteris harrisoni Nanonycteris veldkampii 553120 Nanonycteris veldkampii Erophylla sezekorni 534168 Erophylla sezekorni Harpyionycteris whiteheadi 300431 Harpyionycteris whiteheadi Glauconycteris egeria 235416 Glauconycteris egeria Plecotus turkmenicus 911641 Plecotus turkmenicus Mosia nigrescens 464407 Mosia nigrescens Plecotus rafinesquii 977392 Plecotus rafinesquii Hipposideros cineraceus 295293 Hipposideros cineraceus Murina tubinaris 233915 Murina tubinaris Hylonycteris underwoodi 658357 Hylonycteris underwoodi Scotophilus viridis 819861 Scotophilus viridis Nyctinomops macrotis 267989 Nyctinomops macrotis Rhogeessa genowaysi 267463 Rhogeessa genowaysi Phyllonycteris obtusa 50391 Phyllonycteris obtusa Eptesicus bobrinskoi 873668 Eptesicus bobrinskoi Hipposideros larvatus 1073067 Hipposideros larvatus Myotis albescens 353889 Myotis albescens Epomophorus minor 787381 Epomophorus minor Myotis brandtii 353460 Myotis brandtii Emballonura alecto 1011473 Emballonura alecto Sturnira hondurensis 136686 Sturnira hondurensis Rhogeessa parvula 76914 Rhogeessa parvula Epomops franqueti 558417 Epomops franqueti Scotonycteris zenkeri 60265 Scotonycteris zenkeri Acerodon jubatus 718815 Acerodon jubatus Murina hilgendorfi 448966 Murina hilgendorfi Megaderma lyra 289146 Megaderma lyra Saccolaimus flaviventris 468429 Saccolaimus flaviventris Myotis emarginatus 1080294 Myotis emarginatus Taphozous nudiventris 75194 Taphozous nudiventris Centronycteris centralis 432531 Centronycteris centralis Neoromicia brunneus 176321 Neoromicia brunneus Miniopterus schreibersii 238425 Miniopterus schreibersii Myonycteris brachycephala 558427 Myonycteris brachycephala Rhinolophus lepidus 217411 Rhinolophus lepidus Chalinolobus variegatus 62950 Chalinolobus variegatus Epomophorus labiatus 1004006 Epomophorus labiatus Pteropus scapulatus 395328 Pteropus scapulatus Rousettus aegyptiacus 813034 Rousettus aegyptiacus Carollia castanea 941606 Carollia castanea Myotis daubentonii 407052 Myotis daubentonii Myotis gracilis 292390 Myotis gracilis Neoromicia rendalli 687562 Neoromicia rendalli Mus musculus 542509 Mus musculus Nyctalus plancyi 835354 Nyctalus plancyi Myotis austroriparius 363026 Myotis austroriparius Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 867388 Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Pygoderma bilabiatum 894971 Pygoderma bilabiatum Myonycteris angolensis 687492 Myonycteris angolensis Murina cineracea 325199 Murina cineracea Cistugo seabrae 533601 Cistugo seabrae Rhinolophus coelophyllus 180053 Rhinolophus coelophyllus Mapped from TreeBASE schema using org.cipres.treebase.domain.nexus.nexml.NexmlTreeBlockWriter@1cf9b465 $Rev: 1040 $ ot:time Myr Maximum likelihood Tn12951033 Tn12951823 false Species Tree 815 Preferred Tree Single true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true true